Evidence Based Practice was first defined by Dr David Sackett in the 1990s, but a more recent definition has it as

“integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and the patient’s unique values and circumstances” (Straus, Glasziou, Richardson, & Haynes, 2011).

And "it also requires the health professional to consider characteristics of the practice context in which they work. " (Hoffman, Bennett, & Del Mar, 2017).

• The best research evidence is usually from relevant research that has been carried out using sound methodology.
• Clinical expertise is a combination of the clinician’s experience, education and clinical skills.
• The patient has his/her own personal preferences, concerns, expectations, and values.
• The practice context includes characteristics of the situation in which the interaction between patient and health professional is taking place - for example, the resources available.

Evidence-Based Practice has been expanded from Evidence-Based Medicine to apply to other health professions and  other disciplines such as librarianship and education. This guide concentrates on EBP as it applies to the health professions.

Straus, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach it (4th ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Hoffmann, T., Bennett, S., & Del Mar, C. (2017). Evidence-based practice across the health professions (3rd ed.). Elsevier Australia.

The Evidence-Based Practice process is usually seen as having 5 steps:

Hoffman, Bennett, and Del Mar, in their book Evidence-Based Practice across the health professions, point out that Evidence-Based Practice is not the same as randomised controlled trials ....

"... it is certainly true that randomised controlled trials are the cornerstone of research investigating whether interventions (treatments) work. However, questions about the effectiveness of interventions are not the only type of clinical question ." (Hoffman, Bennett, & Del Mar, 2017).

Health professionals also need information about questions of:

• aetiology - what causes disease
• frequency - how often a disease or condition occurs
• diagnosis - how we know if a client has a disease or condition
• prognosis - what happens to a patient with a condition over time
• the client's experiences and concerns.

It's possible that each question will require a different type of research design, and randomised controlled trials are just one type of research design. Others include:

• qualitative research
• case-control studies
• cross-sectional studies
• cohort studies.

Hoffman, Bennett, & Del Mar also point out that EBP is not the same as "guidelines". Rather, practice guidelines are "just one route to getting the best available evidence into clinical practice." (Hoffman, Bennett, & Del Mar, 2017).

Hoffmann, T., Bennett, S., & Del Mar, C. (2017). Evidence-based practice across the health professions (3rd ed.). Elsevier Australia.

Tutorial

• What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?
  From a tutorial compiled by the Duke University Medical Center Library and the University of Carolina Health Sciences Library.

Website

• What is EBM?
  From the Evidence-Based Medicine Toolbox.

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