Searching for and locating grey literature can be time consuming. Grey literature is not generally indexed in bibliographic databases, so knowing how and where to find it can save you time.
These sources are appropriate to all disciplines and several types of resources so may be a good place to start:
The following boxes link to the different types of grey literature and where they can be located. For specific disciplines, please see the Discipline resources section of this guide.
"Clinical practice guidelines are evidence based statements that include recommendations intended to optimise patient care and assist health care practitioners to make decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Clinical practice guidelines should assist clinicians and patients in shared decision making." Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines
To find clinical practice guidelines, check:
Clinical Trails are "studies involving research participants which aim to test new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease, evaluating the effects of a medical or behavioral intervention on health outcomes. Clinical trials are conducted in phases following a pre-defined protocol and may take several years to complete" Sage Research Methods Online
See the:
Conference proceedings are a record of papers and posters presented at an association's conference or meeting. Papers presented at conferences may not be peer-reviewed and are sometimes classified as working papers. Many papers will go on to be published in journals at a later date. Conferences are also referred to as meetings, symposiums, seminars, colloquia, congresses, conventions, or roundtables.
Conference papers may also illustrate what is happening in research in a particular field - who is researching and what is being studied.
Conference proceedings are often indexed in databases, but it is also worth checking the relevant association's or conference's website to see if they are available there.
Some journal databases will index some grey literature, check the subject discipline pages to find the relevant databases for you. There are also some databases that specifically index grey literature.
Datasets
Increasingly, researchers around the world are making the datasets from their research available. These datasets are either described in a Dataset database, or made available from these databases.
Australian datasets
International datasets
Nature's list of Recommended Data Repositories
Government departments and agencies produce a lot of grey literature, including
Many of these are listed on the department and agency websites.
Australian Government
Check Charles Sturt University Library's Australian Government Information guide for more links.
Overseas Governments
Large libraries - State, National and some University libraries collect hard copies of grey literature, this could include older publications or ones that are not disseminated electronically. While you may not be able to read this material online, it will usually be listed in the institution's Library catalogue, and may be available for loan through Inter Library Loans.
The National Library Trove service lists Australia wide library holdings of all sorts of materials.
Institutional repositories are a record of research outputs from that research institution. Some of the items listed in the collection will include Open Access versions of the item that are freely accessible. Repositories may include resources that are not be listed in databases, e.g. commissioned reports, datasets and policy and procedure documents. Many institutions have their repository available through the institutions website, and more often than not, the institution's library.
CSU's Institutional Repository
CRO (Charles Sturt University Research Output) contains the research outputs of Charles Sturt University's staff and research students.
Australian Institutional Repository listings
Australasian Open Access Repositories
Worldwide Institutional Repository listings
Patents
A patent is a a contract between the state and an inventor. Patents can be an important source of scientific and technical information and are often the earliest source of information on a new technology.
Produced by the American Chemical Society, SciFinder-n is a research discovery tool where you can search the journal and patent literature in chemistry and related sciences. Note: you must register in order to use this resource.
For help in searching this database see: SciFinder Training Topics.
For more information about Patents see our Statistics, Standards, Patents & Trademarks: Patents and Trademarks Library Guide
For information on how to use Lens see the their Support Center
Reference List - Back in Time
Pearling the reference lists of relevant articles, may help you discover resources that did not show up in your database searches. You can then use an Internet search to help you locate these resources - remember that they may not have been published online!
Citations - Forward in Time
When pearling the citations of an article, you're looking at the resources that have cited the article you have identified.
Good places to start are:
Many of the databases that you search in may also include citation information, so check these as well.
Further reading
Cooke, A., Smith, D., & Booth, A. (2012). Beyond PICOL the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis. Qualitative Health Research 22(10), 1435-1443. doi:10.1177/1049732312452938
Policy documents guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes, and are generally adopted by the governance body within an organisation. The organisation's website is a good place to start.
Analysis & Policy Observatory (APO) - (formerly Australian Policy Online) is an Australian based collection of grey literature on any public policy issue.
Preprints are early versions of journal articles before they have gone through peer-review and been officially published.
The peer-review can take many months, so preprints can be a good source of very current research. However the articles have not gone through peer-review you must evaluate each article carefully. It is also important to check if articles have subsequently been published.
Standards
Standards are official publications used by industry to describe specifications and procedures. They provide the rules and recommendations for
This database provides full-text access to all Australian Standards, plus abstracts and contents information for other international standards such as ISO, IEC, EN, ETSI, NSAI, and JSA.
To access you will need to register with a CSU email.
You can search the collection by title, number, keyword, scope, or publication dates. You can limit your search to Australian Standards only, or search all the Standards databases.
You can view online, print, or save as a PDF.
You will need to have a PDF reader on your device in order to download and read Standards offline. When you click on the Download button, you will see instructions for downloading a standard. We suggest that you follow these instructions and then ensuring that you open the standard from the file folder and NOT in your browser.
Downloaded files will be watermarked with your email address, there are limited print options and restrictions on sharing and copy/pasting. More information can be found on the DRM Explained page and in the FAQs.
For more information about Standards see our Statistics, Standards, Patents & Trademarks: Patents and Trademarks Library Guide
Statistical and dataset collections provide not only the raw numbers that you can use, but they may often provide you with the methodologies and applications of this information. Organisational websites for a discipline area will also often hold statistical information, or link to good resources.
Statistics
See also our Statistics, Standards, Patents & Trademarks Library Guide
Technical reports detail the process, progress or results of a project or investigation that are submitted to the sponsor of that project. They include in-depth experimental details, data and results. They are produced by both the government and non-government agencies. Technical reports are also known as working papers.
Theses can be located through Institutional Repositories and Theses databases.
For more information about locating theses, please see Charles Sturt University Library's Theses & Dissertations webpage.
The term white paper was originally used as a flag to indicate the document was authoritative and informative in nature. They are used to argue a specific position or solution to a problem to an audience outside the organisation they come from.
A white paper is now a document released by companies, organisations and government agencies and used to advocate for a particular position and in a commercial situation, influence decision making of customers.
You can check government websites or commercial institutions for white papers.
Government - Australia
Check Charles Sturt University Library's Australian Government Information guide for more information.
Government - International
Commercial bodies
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